In this chapter we shall learn about below topics:
1. Introduction
2. Declaring namespaces
3. Accessing namespace using “using” directive
4. The global namespace
5. The std namespace
6. Nested namespaces
7. Inline namespaces (C++ 11)
8. Namespace aliases
9. Anonymous or unnamed namespaces
10. Discontiguous Namespace in C++
1. Introduction
Namespace are used to provide scope for the identifiers like functions, variables, classes etc, with the same name available in different libraries.
All identifiers inside a same namespace are visible to one another.
The identifiers outside the namespace scope can be accessed by using fully qualified name for each identifier. For example “std::vector<std::string> vec;”.
The variables declared in 2 different namespace can have same name.
2. Declaring namespaces
“namespace” is the keyword is used to declare a namespace.
Below is the way to declare a namespace:
namespace MyNamespaceName
{
//code declarations
}
The identifiers can be accessed by scope resolution operator.
Example:
MyNamespaceName::code;
Full code example:
#include <iostream>
// for more tutorial in C++ visit www.prodevelopertutorial.com
using namespace std;
// First namespace
namespace FirstNameSpace
{
void func()
{
cout << "Inside FirstNameSpace" << endl;
}
}
// Second namespace
namespace SecondNameSpace
{
void func()
{
cout << "Inside SecondNameSpace" << endl;
}
}
int main ()
{
// Calling first namespace
FirstNameSpace::func();
// Calling second namespace
SecondNameSpace::func();
return 0;
}
Output:
Inside FirstNameSpace Inside SecondNameSpace
3. Accessing namespace using “using” directive
You can access the namespace by using “using” directive.
#include <iostream>
// for more tutorial in C++ visit www.prodevelopertutorial.com
using namespace std;
// First namespace
namespace FirstNameSpace
{
void func()
{
cout << "Inside FirstNameSpace" << endl;
}
}
using namespace FirstNameSpace;
int main ()
{
func();
return 0;
}
4. The global namespace
Identifiers defined outside of all the namespaces will be called as global namespaces. It is recommended not to create a global namespace. An exception is for the entry point for main function, that requires global namespace to work.
To access an global namespace identifier use scope resolution operator “::”.
For example:
::myGlobalFunction();
This will differentiate between the global identifier and any other local identifier with the same name.
5. The std namespace
All of the standard C++ libraries are defined in “std” namespace or nested inside “std” namespace.
6. Nested namespaces
Namespace can be declared inside another namespace. Then it is called as Nested namespace.
Example:
#include <iostream>
// for more tutorial in C++ visit www.prodevelopertutorial.com
using namespace std;
namespace OutsideNamespace
{
int a;
int b;
// Second namespace
namespace InsideNamespace
{
void add(int num1, int num2)
{
cout << "Sum is "<<(num1 + num2) << endl;
}
}
}
int main ()
{
OutsideNamespace::a = 10;
OutsideNamespace::b = 20;
OutsideNamespace::InsideNamespace::add(OutsideNamespace::a, OutsideNamespace::b);
return 0;
}
Output:
Sum is 30
7. Inline namespaces (C++ 11)
Inline namespaces are introduced in C++ 11.
Inline namespaces are used as a nested namespace.
They are treated as a normal namespace instead of treating as a nested namespace.
Example:
#include <iostream>
// for more tutorial in C++ visit www.prodevelopertutorial.com
using namespace std;
namespace Foo
{
// Inline namespace
inline namespace Bar
{
void barFun()
{
cout << "In bar Func"<< endl;
}
}
}
int main ()
{
//barFun can be called with the parent namespace
Foo::barFun();
return 0;
}
Output:
In bar Func
But what is the use of inline namespace?
It is useful in version control. Suppose you released new updated version of a function and it is not backward compatible. At that time you can use inline namespace.
It can be shown as below:
#include <iostream>
// for more tutorial in C++ visit www.prodevelopertutorial.com
using namespace std;
namespace Foo
{
namespace v1
{
void fooFun()
{
cout << "In old foo Func"<< endl;
}
}
// Inline namespace
inline namespace v2
{
void fooFun()
{
cout << "In new foo Func"<< endl;
}
}
}
int main ()
{
//now if you cann fooFun(), latest v2 fooFun will be called.
Foo::fooFun();
//now if the user wants the older function to be called, then he can call as below:
Foo::v1::fooFun();
return 0;
}
Output:
In new foo Func In old foo Func
8. Namespace aliases
You can give another name for a namespace.
Example:
#include <iostream>
// for more tutorial in C++ visit www.prodevelopertutorial.com
using namespace std;
namespace this_namespace_name_is_long
{
void foo()
{
cout<<"In foo function"<<endl;
}
}
namespace stortName = this_namespace_name_is_long;
int main ()
{
stortName::foo();
return 0;
}
Output:
In foo function
9. Anonymous or unnamed namespaces
Creating a namespace without any name is called as anonymous or unnamed namespaces.
It is used to create internal linkage for functions and classes declared inside the namesapce. They can be accessed inside the file that they are declared.
The same functions and classes cannot be accessed from other file.
Example:
#include <iostream>
// for more tutorial in C++ visit www.prodevelopertutorial.com
using namespace std;
namespace
{
void foo()
{
cout<<"In foo function"<<endl;
}
}
int main ()
{
foo();
return 0;
}
Output:
In foo function
10. Discontiguous Namespace in C++
C++ allows you to define a same namespace spread in various files.
Then during the compilation step it will be combined.
Example:
namespace namespace_name
{
// declarations
}
